Overall meaning : Addressing Prophet Muhammad, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and the believers who took part alongside him in the Battle of Badr, Allah says: It was not you, believers, who killed your enemy, the idolaters, at the Battle of Badr, but it was Allah who actually killed them and granted you victory over them. Nor was it you, Muhammad, who made the handful of small pebbles (or dust) reach the eyes of the idolaters when you threw it at them, but it was Allah who actually did so. He did all this to defeat the unbelievers and confer on the believers a great favour so that they will give thanks and be grateful to Him. Surely, Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing. All this is the sole doing of Allah. Besides, Allah will frustrate all the evil schemes the unbelievers devise against Islam and its adherents.
Then, addressing the Quraysh idolaters who fought Allah’s Messenger, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and his companions at the Battle of Badr, He says: If you were seeking Allah’s judgement on the day the Battle of Badr took place between the Muslims and yourselves and were praying to Him to inflict punishment on the unjust aggressors and destroy the party that was in error, His judgement has now come to you and you have had what you requested: He has indeed granted victory to the oppressed over their oppressors and supported those follow the truth against those who follow falsehood. If you abandon your unbelief and fighting against Allah’s Messenger and the believers, it will be for your own good. But if you resume your hostilities against Muhammad and his believing followers, We will return to inflict defeat on you and subject you to killing and imprisonment; and your forces and supporters, however great their number may be, will not avail you at all, for Allah is with the believers.